| 78271 | July 10 | Event | 1212 – The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground. |
| 78272 | July 10 | Event | 1460 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, defeats the king's Lancastrian forces and takes King Henry VI prisoner in the Battle of Northampton. |
| 78273 | July 10 | Event | 1499 – The Portuguese explorer Nicolau Coelho returns to Lisbon, after discovering the sea route to India as a companion of Vasco da Gama. |
| 78274 | July 10 | Event | 1519 – Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, beginning the Prince of Ning rebellion, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing. |
| 78275 | July 10 | Event | 1553 – Lady Jane Grey takes the throne of England. |
| 78276 | July 10 | Event | 1584 – William I of Orange is assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland, by Balthasar Gérard. |
| 78277 | July 10 | Event | 1645 – English Civil War: The Battle of Langport takes place. |
| 78278 | July 10 | Event | 1778 – American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain. |
| 78279 | July 10 | Event | 1789 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Mackenzie River delta. |
| 78280 | July 10 | Event | 1806 – The Vellore Mutiny is the first instance of a mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company. |
| 78281 | July 10 | Event | 1821 – The United States takes possession of its newly bought territory of Florida from Spain. |
| 78282 | July 10 | Event | 1832 – U.S. President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States. |
| 78283 | July 10 | Event | 1850 – U.S. President Millard Fillmore is sworn in, a day after becoming President upon Zachary Taylor's death. |
| 78284 | July 10 | Event | 1869 – Gävle, Sweden, is largely destroyed in a fire 80% of its 10,000 residents are left homeless. |
| 78285 | July 10 | Event | 1877 – The then-villa of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, formally receives its city charter from the Royal Crown of Spain. |
| 78286 | July 10 | Event | 1882 – War of the Pacific: Chile suffers its last military defeat in the Battle of La Concepción when a garrison of 77 men is annihilated by a 1,300-strong Peruvian force, many of them armed with spears. |
| 78287 | July 10 | Event | 1890 – Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state. |
| 78288 | July 10 | Event | 1913 – The temperature in Death Valley, California, hits 134 °F (57 °C), the highest recorded in the United States. |
| 78289 | July 10 | Event | 1921 – Belfast's Bloody Sunday: Sixteen people are killed and 161 houses destroyed during rioting and gun battles in Belfast, Northern Ireland. |
| 78290 | July 10 | Event | 1925 – Meher Baba begins his silence of 44 years. His followers observe Silence Day on this date in commemoration. |
| 78291 | July 10 | Event | 1925 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher accused of teaching evolution in violation of the Butler Act. |
| 78292 | July 10 | Event | 1938 – Howard Hughes sets a new record by completing a 91-hour airplane flight around the world. |
| 78293 | July 10 | Event | 1940 – World War II: The Vichy government is established in France. |
| 78294 | July 10 | Event | 1940 – World War II: Battle of Britain: The German Luftwaffe begins attacking British convoys in the English Channel thus starting the battle (this start date is contested, though). |
| 78295 | July 10 | Event | 1941 – Jedwabne pogrom: The massacre of Jewish people living in and near the village of Jedwabne in Poland. |
| 78296 | July 10 | Event | 1942 – Diplomatic relations between the Netherlands and the Soviet Union are established. |
| 78297 | July 10 | Event | 1942 – World War II: An American pilot spots a downed, intact Mitsubishi A6M Zero on Akutan Island (the "Akutan Zero") that the US Navy uses to learn the aircraft's flight characteristics. |
| 78298 | July 10 | Event | 1946 – Hungarian hyperinflation sets a record with inflation of 348.46 percent per day, or prices doubling every eleven hours. |
| 78299 | July 10 | Event | 1947 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah is recommended as the first Governor-General of Pakistan by the British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee. |
| 78300 | July 10 | Event | 1951 – Korean War: Armistice negotiations begin at Kaesong. |