| 139381 | December 10 | Birth | 1588 – Isaac Beeckman, Dutch scientist and philosopher (d. 1637) |
| 139382 | December 10 | Birth | 1713 – Johann Nicolaus Mempel, German cantor and organist (d. 1747) |
| 139383 | December 10 | Birth | 1751 – George Shaw, English botanist and zoologist (d. 1813) |
| 139384 | December 10 | Birth | 1776 – Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este (d. 1848) |
| 139385 | December 10 | Birth | 1787 – Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, American educator, founded the American School for the Deaf (d. 1851) |
| 139386 | December 10 | Birth | 1804 – Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, German mathematician and academic (d. 1851) |
| 139387 | December 10 | Birth | 1805 – Joseph Škoda, Czech physician, dermatologist, and academic (d. 1881) |
| 139388 | December 10 | Birth | 1815 – Ada Lovelace, English mathematician and computer scientist (d. 1852) |
| 139389 | December 10 | Birth | 1821 – Nikolay Nekrasov, Russian poet and critic (d. 1877) |
| 139390 | December 10 | Birth | 1822 – César Franck, Belgian organist and composer (d. 1890) |
| 139391 | December 10 | Birth | 1824 – George MacDonald, Scottish minister, author, and poet (d. 1905) |
| 139392 | December 10 | Birth | 1827 – Eugene O'Keefe, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1913) |
| 139393 | December 10 | Birth | 1830 – Emily Dickinson, American poet (d. 1886) |
| 139394 | December 10 | Birth | 1851 – Melvil Dewey, American librarian, created the Dewey Decimal System (d. 1931) |
| 139395 | December 10 | Birth | 1861 – Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick (d. 1938) |
| 139396 | December 10 | Birth | 1866 – Louis Bolk, Dutch anatomist and biologist (d. 1930) |
| 139397 | December 10 | Birth | 1870 – Mary Bonaparte, French daughter of Napoléon Charles Bonaparte, 5th Prince of Canino (d. 1947) |
| 139398 | December 10 | Birth | 1870 – Adolf Loos, Austrian architect, designed Villa Müller (d. 1933) |
| 139399 | December 10 | Birth | 1870 – Pierre Louÿs, Belgian-French author and poet (d. 1925) |
| 139400 | December 10 | Birth | 1878 – C. Rajagopalachari, Indian lawyer and politician, 45th Governor-General of India (d. 1972) |
| 139401 | December 10 | Birth | 1880 – Fred Immler, German actor (d. 1965) |
| 139402 | December 10 | Birth | 1882 – Otto Neurath, Austrian sociologist and philosopher (d. 1945) |
| 139403 | December 10 | Birth | 1882 – Shigenori Tōgō, Japanese politician, 37th Minister for Foreign Affairs (d. 1950) |
| 139404 | December 10 | Birth | 1882 – Louis Wilkins, American pole vaulter (d. 1950) |
| 139405 | December 10 | Birth | 1885 – Marios Varvoglis, Greek composer and conductor (d. 1967) |
| 139406 | December 10 | Birth | 1886 – Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, English field marshal and politician, 17th Governor General of Canada (d. 1969) |
| 139407 | December 10 | Birth | 1886 – Annie Bos, Dutch actress (d. 1975) |
| 139408 | December 10 | Birth | 1886 – Victor McLaglen, English-American boxer and actor (d. 1959) |
| 139409 | December 10 | Birth | 1889 – Ray Collins, American actor (d. 1965) |
| 139410 | December 10 | Birth | 1891 – Arlie Mucks, American discus thrower and shot putter (d. 1967) |